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Stability analysis of a high loess slope reinforced by the combination system of soil nails and stabilization

Jiu-jiang WU,Qian-gong CHENG,Xin LIANG,Jian-Lei CAO

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 252-259 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0260-z

摘要： While the soil nails and the corresponding compound technology are widely used as the support techniques for deep foundation pit and normal slopes, few related engineering cases are found for high loess slopes. By utilizing the finite element software of PLAXIS 8.5, the behavior of a high loess slope reinforced by the combination of soil nails and stabilization piles (hereinafter for CSNSP) is studied in this paper. It can be found that the potential slide surface of the slope moves to deeper locations during the process of the multi-staged excavations. The measure of reducing the weight of the top of the slope is a positive factor to the stability of the loess slope, while the rainfall is a negative factor. The slope can’t be stable if it’s reinforced only by stabilization piles or soil nails during the process of the multi-staged excavations. The soil nail contributes greater to the overall system stability when the excavation depth is relatively shallow, while the stabilization pile takes it over when the excavation depth reaches a large value. Compared to the results from the Sweden circular slip surface, the data derived from the method of phi/c reduction is relatively large when the slope is unreinforced or reinforced only by stabilization pile, and the data turns to be small when the slope is strengthened by soil nails or the combination system of soil nails and stabilization piles.

关键词： high loess slope CSNSP PLAXIS phi/c strength reduction method Sweden circular slip surface

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HIGH QUALITY DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION ON THELOESS PLATEAU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第4期页码 501-511 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021425

摘要：

The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms. Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation, lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regional capacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.

关键词： ecological management high quality development industrial structure soil erosion soil and water conservation Loess Plateau

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Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loessslope plots

Shufang WU, Pute WU, Hao FENG, G. P. Merkley

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 76-83 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0282-x

摘要： An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.

关键词： alfalfa soil erosion runoff and sedimentation soil water infiltration overland flow hydrodynamic characteristics

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On the seismic stability analysis of reinforced rock slope and optimization of prestressed cables

Wenbo ZHENG, Xiaoying ZHUANG, Yongchang CAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 132-146 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0152-z

摘要： The evaluation of the seismic stability of high rock slopes is of vital importance to ensure the safe operation of the hydropower stations. In this paper, an equivalent pseudo-static force analysis based on the finite element method is developed to evaluate the seismic stability of reinforced rock slopes where the prestressed cables are modeled by the bar elements applied with nodal forces and bounded only at the anchored parts. The method is applied to analyze a high rock slope in south-west China and the optimization of cables. The stabilization effects of prestressed cables on the seismic stability of the slope are studied, the simulations of the concrete heading are discussed and the potential failure modes of the shear concrete plug are compared. Based on this, the optimization of cables is studied including the anchor spacing and inclined angles.

关键词： high rock slope reinforced system optimization prestressed cable seismicity

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Transforming the Loess Plateau of China

Yuheng LI,Guoming DU,Yansui LIU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第3期页码 181-185 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016110

摘要： This paper aims to show the importance of land consolidation in transforming the Loess Plateau of China. The paper comprehensively analyzes how over recent decades the Grain for Green Project and Gully Land Consolidation Project jointly transformed the ecology and landscape of the Loess Plateau and the livelihood of its residents. The findings show that these two projects have achieved a balance between green protection, new land creation, and improved food security and livelihood of local people in the hilly areas of China. The paper points out that the successful transformation of the Plateau lies in a holistic approach incorporating various components of the human and natural systems. Finally, the paper highlights the necessity of retaining these two land consolidation projects as part of an ongoing policy in the mountain and hilly areas of China, changing agricultural management to suit the new relationship between humans and the land.

关键词： China critical zone land consolidation Loess Plateau sustainability

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三峡永久船闸高边坡工程的实践及验证

张超然

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第5期页码 22-27

摘要：

三峡工程永久船闸高边坡工程系从左岸山体内开挖形成，两侧高边坡最大开挖深度达170 m，其下部为68 m高的直立墙，是三峡工程建设的重大技术难题。文章对三峡永久船闸高边坡设计原则和轮廓，施工程序，防渗及排水系统，高边坡加固支护措施，高边坡稳定分析以及永久船闸高边坡变形预测和高边坡监测资料验证等的研究结论和工程的重大科技成就做了介绍。

关键词：三峡永久船闸高边坡

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东露天选煤厂槽仓高边坡稳定性与变形分析

姜海波,宫守才,刘庆雪

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第2期页码 107-112

摘要：

平朔东露天槽仓为目前亚洲最大规模的储煤槽仓。采用极限平衡方法和有限元法，开展了边坡在支护前后不同工况下的稳定性计算和应力与变形分析。结果表明，边坡支护前无法达到使用要求，斜壁与直壁转角处和仓底坡脚处为应力集中和变形最大处，是加固的重点部位。边坡采用土钉墙复合结构和灌注桩+钢内撑复合结构支护后，稳定性满足使用要求，变形在正常范围内，该支护方案非常适合该边坡。

关键词：槽仓边坡极限平衡法有限元法稳定性变形

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Exemplary project of green cave dwellings in Loess Plateau

Jiaping LIU, Xinrong ZHU, Liu YANG, Rongrong HU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 122-130 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0005-1

摘要： The total annual energy consumption of people in rural areas in China is about 190 million tons of standard coal, and is still growing rapidly with the improvement of living standards. The reduction of this energy consumption is a key issue in China’s sustainable development. Focusing on the energy conservation of cave dwellings in the Loess Plateau, this paper aims to create a new prototype of cave dwelling that not only satisfies the requirements of the modern life of the residents but also inherits the energy-efficiency of traditional cave dwellings. For this purpose, a model cave dwelling is built at Zaoyuan Village, a cave-dwelling community in Yan’an, Shaanxi Province. In this cave dwelling, modern building energy efficiency principles and strategies such as natural ventilation, natural lighting, passive solar heating and earth cooling method are adopted. From the testing and subjective survey, it can be concluded that the new cave dwelling inherits the advantages of the traditional ones and has excellent performance in energy-efficiency, thermal comfort, and natural lighting.

关键词： new cave dwellings green buildings the Loess Plateau energy efficiency

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高速铁路大断面黄土隧道建设关键技术 Article

赵勇, 何华武, 李鹏飞

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第2期页码 254-259 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.07.003

摘要：

郑州—西安高速铁路工程的顺利建成极大地提升了中国大断面黄土隧道的建设水平，在设计理论和施工技术两方面都取得了重大进展。本文系统总结了中国高速铁路大断面黄土隧道工程的技术特征与主要难题，包括围岩分级、支护结构设计、地表沉降与开裂控制，以及安全快速施工问题。在此基础上针对各技术难题从设计与施工两个方面阐述了高速铁路大断面黄土隧道建设关键技术。研究结果表明：大断面黄土隧道围岩分级应以黄土的地质年代为基础，结合塑性指数和含水量两个指标，并考虑埋深影响进行修正；在隧道开挖扰动影响下，洞周滑动趋势面的地表部分因拉应力超过土体抗拉或抗剪强度而破坏，因其直立性较好而形成可见裂缝；大断面黄土隧道围岩压力计算应根据埋深情况分别采用相应的公式进行计算；采用以三台阶七步开挖法为核心的施工技术体系实现了大断面黄土隧道的安全、快速施工，并根据现场试验优化了施工参数，提出了稳定掌子面的工程措施。研究结论和方法对揭示大断面黄土隧道地层及支护力学特性，优化支护结构设计和施工技术参数具有重要意义。

关键词：黄土隧道围岩分级地表开裂设计荷载三台阶七步开挖法

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层状岩质高边坡稳定监测技术

陈志坚

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第5期页码 86-91

摘要：

以江阴大桥南塔区层状岩质高边坡及地基基础安全监测为例，阐述其安全监测设计的原则、监测网点的合理布置、破碎边坡岩体中测斜孔埋设技术以及边坡稳定安全监控模型的建立。提出基于外部变形观测成果的边坡稳定性判别准则，基于剪切位移、桩基轴力和水平推力观测成果的边坡稳定安全裕度定量评价方法。

关键词：江阴大桥塔墩边坡稳定监测测斜孔监控模型

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TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第4期页码 491-500 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021428

摘要：

Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.

关键词： agronomic technologies economic returns education environmental cost food production government policy

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Bioengineering protection mechanism of city rock slope and its laboratory test

Desong JIANG, Minghua ZHAO, Chong JIANG,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 414-421 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0055-9

摘要： Based on the features of rock slope bioengineering protection, the ecology protection mechanism of the urban rock slope was discussed with the mechanics effect of plants and rock slope, and the reinforcement action mechanism of rock slope by plant root system was analyzed as well. Then, the corresponding mechanical model was proposed, from which the formula to calculate the increased shearing strength of the root system-earth compound body was derived. Moreover, the side slope rainfall interception, the runoff lagging, the soil antiseepage, and the soil layer consolidating effect were studied, respectively. Furthermore, the indoor model experiment of urban crag rock slope ecology protection was designed and completed, in which various grasses to plant in slope with different angles, solid earth forms, and the different strengthening earth mechanism were studied. Finally, the present method was applied in an engineering project, from which the antiwashing behavior of three kind of grasses (i.e., the Bahiagrass, the tall fescue, and the Bermudagrass) planted in the slope with an angle of 38°, 48°, and 58°, respectively, and different strengthening structures (i.e., the diamond wire netting, the geocell and the three-dimensional network) were obtained. The application results also show that the effect of geocell structure is the best one followed by the three-dimensional net and the diamond wire net. The antiwashing capability per unit area has a critical slope angle of about 25°. The reinforcing effect of Bermudagrass is better than the Bahiagrass and tall fescue.

关键词： indoor engineering project protection mechanism different runoff lagging

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Efficiency of scalar and vector intensity measures for seismic slope displacements

Gang WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 44-52 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0138-x

摘要： Ground motion intensity measures are usually used to predict the earthquake-induced displacements in earth dams, soil slopes and soil structures. In this study, the efficiency of various single ground motion intensity measures (scalar ) or a combination of them (vector ) are investigated using the PEER-NGA strong motion database and an equivalent-linear sliding-mass model. Although no single intensity measure is efficient enough for all slope conditions, the spectral acceleration at 1.5 times of the initial slope period and Arias intensity of the input motion are found to be the most efficient scalar for flexible slopes and stiff slopes respectively. Vector can incorporate different characteristics of the ground motion and thus significantly improve the efficiency over a wide range of slope conditions. Among various vector considered, the spectral accelerations at multiple spectral periods achieve high efficiency for a wide range of slope conditions. This study provides useful guidance to the development of more efficient empirical prediction models as well as the ground motion selection criteria for time domain analysis of seismic slope displacements.

关键词： seismic slope displacements intensity measures empirical prediction

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Evaluation and prediction of slope stability using machine learning approaches

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 821-833 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0742-8

摘要： In this paper, the machine learning (ML) model is built for slope stability evaluation and meets the high precision and rapidity requirements in slope engineering. Different ML methods for the factor of safety (FOS) prediction are studied and compared hoping to make the best use of the large variety of existing statistical and ML regression methods collected. The data set of this study includes six characteristics, namely unit weight, cohesion, internal friction angle, slope angle, slope height, and pore water pressure ratio. The whole ML model is primarily divided into data preprocessing, outlier processing, and model evaluation. In the data preprocessing, the duplicated data are first removed, then the outliers are filtered by the LocalOutlierFactor method and finally, the data are standardized. 11 ML methods are evaluated for their ability to learn the FOS based on different input parameter combinations. By analyzing the evaluation indicators R ², MAE, and MSE of these methods, SVM, GBR, and Bagging are considered to be the best regression methods. The performance and reliability of the nonlinear regression method are slightly better than that of the linear regression method. Also, the SVM-poly method is used to analyze the susceptibility of slope parameters.

关键词： slope stability factor of safety regression machine learning repeated cross-validation

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砂质边坡安全保障新技术研究

牛笑笛,杨广庆,刘伟超

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第6期页码 86-91 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.06.013

摘要：

砂质边坡稳定性差，常规防护措施的防护效果较差。为了有效地对砂质边坡进行防护，笔者研制了一种新型固砂剂——TD–1。为了验证TD–1的固砂效果，笔者进行了配比优化试验、渗透试验、干湿循环试验和现场试验。试验结果表明：在磷酸硅、硅酸锂、硅溶胶掺入比例相同的条件下，固砂试样的强度随钾水玻璃模数的增加而增大；钾水玻璃的最佳添加量为固化砂质量的3%；加入改性剂的试样，强度有明显的增长；使用低模数钾水玻璃的试样，渗透能力相对更好；随着干湿循环次数的增加，试样的强度逐渐下降，经过3次循环之后，试样的强度基本趋于稳定。TD–1固砂剂还可与客土喷播技术结合使用，进行边坡绿化防护，固化产物有利于植物生长。

关键词：砂质边坡固砂剂室内试验现场试验